"Frankenstein ".

 Hello viewers! 👋

I am Kavita Chauhan and a student(M.A. sem-1) in Department of English,mkbu .

This Blog is a part of Thinking Activity of marry Shelley's Novel "Frankenstein"...🤔💬✍️

-Assigned by Megha Trivedi Ma'am.

"Frankenstein "

Basic information about the novel:-

Published:-1818(Epistemology novel)

Gernes:- Gothic novel

Setting:-Different part of Europe

Point of views:-  First person narrative.

Subtitle:- The Modern Prometheus.

Novelist:-

Born:-30 August 179 London, England

Died:-11 February 1851 London, England 

Spouse:- P.B. Shelley.

Marry Shelley was amazing author of the romantic age. She was an English novelist whose work has reached all corners of the globe she is best known as the author of Frankenstein.

Q-1.What are some major differences between the movie and the novel Frankenstein?

Answer:-    

In the novel "Frankenstein," the monster killed  Henry, and Victor leading to Victor's arrest for his friend's murder. However, this crucial plot point is not depicted in the movie adaptation.

Victor's youngest brother is murdered by the monster, and the blame falls on Justine, the maid, in both the novel and the movie. Yet, the way their punishments are portrayed differs between the two.

The novel 'Frankenstein' does not feature the blind man's grandchildren, while the movie adds these characters to the storyline.

In the novel, Victor willingly goes to the mountains on his adventure, but in the movie, the monster writes a letter to lure him there, altering the circumstances.

One of the most significant differences between the movie and the original novel "Frankenstein" is the final scene. In the novel, the monster converses with Victor about creating a female monster and begins the work but ultimately destroys everything in the ocean. In the movie, Victor creates a female monster named Elizabeth, creating a distinct departure from the source material    

 

Q- 2.  ) Who do you think is a real monster?

Answer:-

 The question of who the real monster is in "Frankenstein" can be explored through various lenses, as you've outlined. Each of these elements contributes to the complexity of the narrative and its exploration of monstrosity. Here's a concise summary of these potential sources of monstrosity:

Civilized' Society vs Hideous Appearance: Society's judgment based on outward appearances, favoring beauty over the hideous look of the creature, highlights the shallowness and cruelty of human judgment.

Victor Frankenstein: Victor's ignorance of the consequences of his creation, his narcissism in pursuing his scientific ambitions, and his abandonment of the creature all contribute to his potential as the real monster in the story.

Circumstances and Social Decorum: The societal expectations regarding human appearance and behavior can be considered monstrous, asthey lead to the creature's isolation and suffering due to his appearance.

Desire for Love, Infancy, and Innocence: The creature's inherent desire for love, connection, and his initial innocence as a newborn creation contrast starkly with the tragedies and violence that follow. His yearning for these basic human needs emphasizes the theme of innocence lost.

Rejection: The continual rejection the creature faces, both from Victor and society at large, drives much of the narrative's conflict and can be seen as a source of the monstrous actions he eventually takes.

Ultimately, "Frankenstein" presents a nuanced exploration of monstrosity, suggesting that it's not limited to the physical appearance of the creature but is deeply intertwined with societal norms, the actions of individuals like Victor, the impact of rejection, and the profound desire for acceptance and love. The novel encourages readers to consider these various elements when contemplating who or what the real monster might be in the story.

Q- 3. Do you think the search for knowledge is dangerous and destructive?

Answer:- 

In Mary Shelley's novel "Frankenstein," the pursuit of knowledge is depicted as both powerful and potentially dangerous. Victor Frankenstein's unbridled quest for scientific knowledge and the desire to unlock the secrets of life leads to devastating consequences. While knowledge itself is not inherently dangerous, it becomes destructive when it is pursued without ethical considerations and moral responsibility

Victor's relentless pursuit of knowledge without regard for the potential consequences illustrates the dangers of unchecked ambition and scientific curiosity. His creation of the monster and subsequent abandonment of it demonstrate the destructive consequences of his knowledge-seeking.

Shelley's portrayal of Victor serves as a cautionary tale about the responsibilities that come with knowledge and the potential harm that can result when scientific advancements are divorced from ethical considerations. In this sense, the novel suggests that the search for knowledge can indeed be dangerous and destructive if not accompanied by a sense of responsibility and ethical awareness.

Q- 4. Do you think Victor Frankenstein's creature was inherently evil, or did society's rejection and mistreatment turn him into a monster?

Answer:-              

 Novel "Frankenstein," the creature is not inherently evil. Instead, his character is shaped by the way society treats him and by his experiences of rejection and mistreatment. The creature is initially portrayed as a blank slate, born innocent and curious about the world. However, it's the continuous rejection and cruelty he faces from society, including his own creator, Victor Frankenstein, that drive him to commit violent and vengeful acts.

The creature's transformation into what some might describe as a "monster" is a result of his profound loneliness, isolation, and the absence of love and acceptance. He longs for human connection and strives to be understood and loved, but he is met with fear and violence wherever he goes. This societal rejection and mistreatment ultimately lead him to lash out and seek revenge.

In this sense, the novel suggests that it's not the creature's inherent nature that makes him a "monster" but rather the way he is treated and the circumstances in which he finds himself. Shelley's narrative raises questions about the nature of evil and the role that society plays in shaping individuals. It challenges readers to consider the consequences of rejection and mistreatment and how they can lead to tragic outcomes.

Q-5. Should there be limits on scientific exploration? If so, what should those limits be?

Answer:- 

In the context of Mary Shelley's novel "Frankenstein," the story itself serves as a cautionary tale about the potential dangers of unrestricted scientific exploration. Victor Frankenstein's unbridled pursuit of knowledge and his creation of the monster without ethical considerations lead to disastrous consequences. The novel underscores the need for certain limits on scientific exploration:

Ethical and Moral Limits: Scientific exploration should be conducted within a framework of ethical and moral principles. Researchers should consider the potential consequences of their experiments on individuals and society, as Victor Frankenstein failed to do.

Responsible Use of Knowledge: Scientists should be responsible for the knowledge they acquire and the applications of their discoveries. There should be a commitment to using scientific knowledge for the betterment of humanity rather than for selfish or destructive purposes.

Safety and Environmental Limits: Safety protocols and environmental considerations should be in place to prevent harm to human health and the environment. Victor's reckless disregard for safety had dire consequences.

Accountability: Scientists should be held accountable for the consequences of their research and experiments. In the novel, Victor's lack of accountability for his creation led to suffering and tragedy.

Regulation and Oversight: There should be oversight and regulation in fields where scientific exploration has the potential for significant harm or misuse. This could include guidelines for genetic engineering, artificial intelligence, or other areas with profound societal implications.

Public Awareness and Engagement: Public awareness and engagement in discussions about the ethical boundaries of scientific exploration are essential. Informed public discourse can help shape policies and limits.

In sum up, the cautionary tale of "Frankenstein" underscores the importance of responsible and ethical scientific exploration. While scientific progress is vital for human advancement, there should be limits in place to ensure that it does not lead to unintended harm or misuse. These limits should encompass ethical considerations, safety, accountability, and public engagement to strike a balance between scientific innovation and responsible stewardship of knowledge.

Thank you for visiting... 😊

Happy Learning 💫🍀.

French Revolution influenced Wordsworth's romanticism?'

 Hello, viewers!👋

I am Kavita Chauhan, and a student in sem -1 (M.A.) Department of English, mkbu. 

This Blog is a part of Thinking Activity and improving our writing skills and knowledge..🤔💬💫✍️

-Assigned by Dilip Bard sir.

(i) 'Explain me how French Revolution influenced Wordsworth's romanticism?'

-Answer:-

  The French Revolution had a significant impact on William Wordsworth's Romantic poetry. It inspired a sense of social and political change, which is evident in his works. Wordsworth initially supported the ideals of the Revolution, hoping for liberty and equality. However, as the Revolution turned more violent, he became disillusioned.

The French Revolution had a profound impact on William Wordsworth's development as a Romantic poet in several key ways:

   • Political Idealism and Disillusionment: 

Initially, Wordsworth, like many of his contemporaries, was inspired by the revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. His early works, such as "Lines Written in Early Spring," reflected his optimism about the potential for positive change. However, as the French Revolution descended into violence and chaos, Wordsworth, like others, became disillusioned with its course.

    •Nature as a Source of Tranquility: 

The tumultuous events of the French Revolution led Wordsworth to seek solace and tranquility in nature. His poetry increasingly turned to themes of the natural world, emphasizing the restorative power of landscapes and the healing influence of the countryside. This shift is evident in poems like "Tintern Abbey" and "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud."

   •Individualism and the Imagination:

 Wordsworth's Romanticism was marked by a focus on individual emotion, imagination, and subjectivity. The upheaval of the Revolution encouraged him to explore the inner workings of the human mind and the richness of personal experiences. This emphasis on the individual is evident in poems like "The Prelude," where he delves into his own autobiographical experiences.

   •The Common Man:

 Inspired by the revolutionary ideals of equality, Wordsworth celebrated the lives and experiences of common people in his poetry. He saw the simplicity and authenticity of rural life as a contrast to the excesses of the aristocracy. Works like "Michael" and "The Idiot Boy" exemplify this theme.

     •The Darker Side of Revolution:

 As the French Revolution took a darker turn, Wordsworth's poetry also became more reflective and somber. His later works, including "The Prelude," reflect his growing disillusionment with the Revolution and the recognition of the complexities of human nature.

In sum up the French Revolution influenced Wordsworth's Romanticism by initially inspiring hope for social and political transformation, leading to a deeper exploration of the restorative power of nature, the importance of individual experience and emotion, and the celebration of common people's lives. However, as the Revolution turned violent and chaotic, it also prompted a more critical and introspective dimension in Wordsworth's poetry. 

*(Generated by Chatgtp).

Thank you for visiting...😊

Happy Learning 💫🍀

" Absolm and Achitophel."

 Hello viewers!

I am  Kavita Chauhan, Student In Department of English,mkbu.

This Blog is a part of Thinking Activity ...🤔💬✍️ And Improve our writing skills...

-Assigned by Dilip Bard sir.

•Q- Can you find any political satire worth comparing with this (Absolm and Achitophel) poem written in contemporary times? If so, write about it. What sort of difference you see while comparing both political satires.

•Ans-

      

  • Introduction :-

 one contemporary political satire that can be compared to John Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel" is the television series "Veep." Created by Armando Iannucci and later led by showrunner David Mandel, "Veep" offers a satirical take on American politics and government. While "Absalom and Achitophel" is a 17th-century poem, and "Veep" is a 21st-century television series, there are several notable differences when comparing the two political satires:

      • Medium and Format:-

 "Absalom and Achitophel" is a long narrative poem, written in verse, with a focus on characters and their actions within the context of a biblical allegory.

"Veep" is a television series, a visual and dialogue-driven medium. It relies on humor through dialogue, situational comedy, and character interactions.

     • Setting and Context:-

"Absalom and Achitophel" is set in the biblical world of King David and Absalom, using allegorical references to 17th-century British politics, particularly the Exclusion Crisis.

"Veep" is set in contemporary America and follows the political career of Selina Meyer, a fictional vice president and later president. It satirizes modern American politics, including issues like campaign strategies, media coverage, and political backstabbing.

     • Characterization:-

In "Absalom and Achitophel," characters are symbolic and represent historical figures and political factions of the time. The focus is on their allegorical significance.

"Veep" features a diverse cast of characters with distinct personalities and flaws. The humor often arises from their individual quirks and the absurdity of their actions within the contemporary political landscape.

    • Tone and Style:-

"Absalom and Achitophel" has a more formal and poetic tone, using elaborate language and classical allusions.

"Veep" employs sharp, biting, and often profane humor. It leans into the contemporary, irreverent style of political satire, reflecting the cynicism of modern politics.

    • Themes:-

Both works address themes of political ambition, betrayal, and the pursuit of power. However, "Absalom and Achitophel" does so within the framework of biblical allegory, while "Veep" tackles these themes directly in the context of contemporary American politics.

 

   •Audience and Accessibility:-

"Absalom and Achitophel" was written for a literate, educated audience of the 17th century, requiring knowledge of biblical and historical references.

Veep" is accessible to a broader, contemporary audience and doesn't rely on historical or religious knowledge.

   • In Sum up:- 

In sum up , while both "Absalom and Achitophel" and "Veep" engage in political satire, they do so in vastly different ways due to differences in medium, setting, characterization, tone, and accessibility. "Absalom and Achitophel" uses allegory and poetic language to address 17th-century British politics, while "Veep" employs contemporary, irreverent humor to satirize modern American politics. Each work reflects the unique characteristics and sensibilities of its respective time and medium. (Prepared by Chatgtp)

Thank you for visiting... 😊

Happy Learning 💫🍀

"Rape of the lock "

 Hello viewers!

I am kavita Chauhan ,A student of  M.A.sem-1 , Department of English in mkbu.

This Blog is a Part of Thinking And improving our writing skills... ✍️ 🤔💬🧐

 -Assigned by Vaidehi Ma'am.

Q- 1. According to you who is the protogonist of the poem Clarissa or Belinda? Why Give your Answer with Logical Reason?

Ans-Acconding to my view, Belinda as the protagonist. Belinda is the central character around whom the poem revolves. The narrative primarily focuses on her and her predicament when her lock of hair is snipped off. The poem explores her reactions, emotions, and the elaborate social world in which she exists. While Clarissa is mentioned in the poem, she plays a minor role in the narrative compared to Belinda. Therefore, Belinda can be considered the protagonist due to her central role and the primary focus of the poem's storyline

Q-2. What is Beauty? Write your views about it?

Ans- In my point of view about the beauty is a subjective experience. There is no right or wrong answer to the question of what is beautiful. What matters most is that we find beauty in the world around us and in ourselves.

Here are some of my own views on beauty:

Beauty is not just about physical appearance. It is also about inner beauty, such as kindness, compassion, and intelligence.

Beauty is diverse. There is no one standard of beauty. People of all shapes, sizes, colors, and abilities can be beautiful.

Beauty is all around us. We can find beauty in nature, in art, in music, and in the people we love.

I believe that it is important to appreciate beauty in all its forms. Beauty can make our lives richer and more meaningful. It can inspire us to be better people and to create a better world.

Q-3.Find out Research paper on Rape of the Lock give the details of the paper and write down in brief what it says about the poem by Alexander pope.

Ans- Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock" masterfully satirizes the shallowness and triviality of 18th-century British high society. By inverting traditional epic conventions, Pope mocks the society's misplaced priorities. Belinda's self-indulgent ritual, reminiscent of an epic hero preparing for battle, humorously portrays society's vanity. The Baron's meager offerings before his romantic conquest further emphasize their misplaced Values Pope employs figurative language and metaphor to liken a card game to an epic battle, exposing the society's misguided passion. In a flirtatious battle over a lock of hair, the use of terms like "death" and "revived" satirizes men's fragility when failing to win a woman's favor, revealing the society's shallowness.

The poem opens with an epic question, humorously framing the triviality of a lord assaulting a belle and her rejecting him. This irony highlights the society's obsession with insignificant matters while satirizing its exaggerated politeness.

Pope's diction, particularly the use of "assault," contrasts with its violent connotation, underscoring the society's skewed values. Furthermore, Pope parodies religious rituals, placing Belinda's dressing table on par with an altar, ridiculing the society's vanity.

In short "The Rape of the Lock" remains a timeless masterpiece, critiquing society's obsession with triviality and superficiality through clever inversion, metaphor, and satire 

Q- 4. Write your views about the significance of hair is it symbolic?

Ans- Hair is a significant part of human identity and It can be symbolic of many things, including strength, beauty, and virility

In the context of the Rape of the Lock, hair is used as a symbol of female beauty and virtue. Belinda's hair is described as being "fair as light" and "long as love." It is a symbol of her innocence and purity. When the Baron cuts off Belinda's lock of hair, it is seen as a violation of her virtue. The Rape of the Lock is a cautionary tale about the dangers of female vanity and the importance of protecting one's honor.

Overall, hair is a significant part of human identity and culture. It can be symbolic of many things, including strength, beauty, virility, religious beliefs, cultural heritage, social status, group affiliation, female beauty and virtue, grief, and mourning.

Thank you visiting... 😊

Happy Learning 💫🍀

•Refference:-

-https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-rape-of-the-lock-by-alexander-pope-review/( paper).

'Negative Capability'

Hello 👋 viewers!

 I am Kavita Chauhan,

This Blog is a part of thinking activity....✍️🤔💬

-Assigned by Megha Trivedi Ma'am.

• Q- What is 'negative capability'? Explain with an example of Keats' one of the poems.

•Internation:-

Negative capability" is a concept coined by the English Romantic poet John Keats. It refers to an artist's capacity to embrace uncertainty, doubt, and ambiguity without pursuing logical answers or resolutions. In essence, it's the ability to remain in a state of creative uncertainty and dwell in the mysteries of life and art without the need for clear-cut conclusions or fixed beliefs.

•About John Keat's:-

John Keats, a luminary of the English Romantic literary movement, left an indelible mark on the world of poetry in his brief life. Born in 1795 and passing away at the age of 25, Keats produced an exquisite body of work that continues to captivate readers with its lyrical beauty, vivid imagery, and profound exploration of the human experience. His poems, such as "Ode to a Nightingale" and "To Autumn," are celebrated for their ability to evoke deep emotions and to contemplate the complexities of life, love, and mortality. Keats was a poet of sensuousness and sensitivity

•"Nagative Capability":-

"I mean Negative Capability, that is when a man is capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts,without any irritable reaching after fact and reason."

This concept suggests that a poet, artist, or thinker should be open to exploring and expressing ideas, emotions, and experiences that may not fit neatly into a rational framework. It's about allowing the mind to wander freely in the realm of imagination and sensation.

•The Example of it:-

A prime example of Keats' "negative capability" in his poetry can be found in the poem "Ode on a Grecian Urn." In this ode, Keats contemplates an ancient Greek urn as a work of art. The urn is decorated with scenesfrozen in time, and Keats reflects on the stories they tell.

One of the central themes of this poem is the tension between the static beauty and the fleeting nature of life. The poet acknowledges that the urn's scenes can never change or grow old, unlike human experiences. Keats doesn't seek to resolve this tension or provide a clear answer to the question of whether static beauty is superior to transient existence. Instead, he embraces the ambiguity of the situation and explores the deep emotions it stirs within him.

For example, in the lines:Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness,

Thou foster-child of Silence and slow Time,"

Keats appreciates the urn's enduring beauty and timelessness. However, he doesn't offer a definitive judgment on whether this immutability is better than the human experience of love and suffering. Instead, he dwells in the uncertainty, allowing readers to ponder the complexities of the human condition and the enduring allure of art.

•In sum up:-

In "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and many of his other works, Keat's strated negative capability by immersing himself in the mysteries of life and art without striving for clear answers or resolutions. He invites readers to embrace the uncertainties and ambiguities of existence and to find beauty in the exploration of those uncertainties. This concept is a hallmark of Keats' poetic philosophy and contributes to the enduring appeal of his poetry.

Thank you 😊

Happy Learning...💫🍀

•Refference:-

-https://www.masterclass.com/articles/john-keats-theory-of-negative-capability-in-writing

"Post-truth".

Hello viewers! 

I am Kavita Chauhan. A student in  Department of English, mkbu.

 This Blog is a part of Sunday Thinking activity, your understanding of the concept of Post-truth. ...🧐🤔✍️👩‍🏫 💬

-Assigned by Dilip Bard sir. 

 

∆ Write definition of post-truth. Discuss a    few examples of post-truth. And  videos or images, embed it in the post.

Vedio link 👇 on 'post-truth'

https://youtu.be/sCRI-K4VWGc?si=eBt_c3o-WUMM9aoy

•Introduction:-

In an age where information is readily accessible, the concept of "post-truth" has emerged as a significant societal concern. Post-truth is a term that gained prominence in the early 21st century and refers to a state where emotional or personal beliefs have more influence on public opinion than objective facts. In this blog post, we will delve into the definition of post-truth, explore some striking examples, and discuss its implications on our society.

•Definition of Post-Truth:-

Post-truth is a phenomenon characterized by a disregard for objective facts and a focus on emotional or personal beliefs when forming opinions and making decisions. In a post-truth world, individuals are more likely to accept information that aligns with their existing beliefs, even if it lacks empirical evidence or contradicts established facts. This prioritization of feelings over facts can have profound consequences on various aspects of society, including politics, media, and public discourse.

• Examples of Post-Truth:-                                       

 1.Fake News and Misinformation:                         

One of the most prevalent examples of post-truth is the spread of fake news and misinformation. With the advent of social media, false or misleading information can quickly go viral and influence public opinion. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous false claims and conspiracy theories gained traction, undermining public trust in expert guidance and scientific facts

2.Political Spin:

Politicians often employ post-truth tactics to manipulate public perception. This includes cherry-picking data, making exaggerated claims, or using emotional appeals to divert attention from the truth. Such tactics can erode trust in the political process and hinder informed decision-making.

3.Deepfakes:

Advancements in technology have given rise to deepfake videos, which use artificial intelligence to manipulate footage and make it appear as though someone is saying or doing things they never did. This can have severe consequences, especially in the realm of politics and public figures, where fabricated content can sway public opinion and damage reputations.

4.Confirmation Bias:

Confirmation Bias Information that confirms their existing beliefs while dismissing contradictory evidence. This confirmation bias is a fundamental aspect of post-truth, as it reinforces preconceived notions and prevents the open-minded consideration of different perspectives.

•Conclusion:-

In a world grappling with the challenges of post-truth, it is crucial for individuals to develop critical thinking skills and media literacy to discern fact from fiction. Society must also hold those who propagate falsehoods accountable and support transparent and evidence-based decision-making. Only by recognizing and addressing the pitfalls of post-truth can we strive for a more informed and rational public discourse, where facts hold sway over emotions and personal beliefs.

Thank you for visiting...☺️

Happy Learning. 💫🍀🍀

• More Read : 

Refference 

-https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/2016/

-https://blog.dilipbarad.com/2017/01/post-truth-word-of-year-2016.html

Do you any difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of Play?

This Blog is written as a part of thinking activity.

Assigned by Dilip Bard sir.

Q -2.(A) Difference between Aristotle's                      definition of Tragedy and                                  Dryden's definition of Play:- 

 •Introduction:

In the realm of dramatic literature, Aristotle and John Dryden stand as towering figures, each contributing unique definitions and philosophies regarding theatrical works. Aristotle's concept of tragedy and Dryden's vision of plays offer distinct perspectives on what constitutes a compelling dramatic experience. This blog post will delve into the differences between Aristotle's definition of tragedy and Dryden's definition of a play.

•Aristotle's Definition of Tragedy:

Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, laid the foundation for understanding tragedy in his seminal work, "Poetics." According to Aristotle, tragedy serves a specific purpose: the catharsis of emotions, particularly pity and fear, in the audience. The key elements of Aristotle's definition are as follows:

1.Tragic Hero: Central to Aristotle's definition is the tragic hero, a character of noble stature who possesses admirable qualities and a tragic flaw, or "hamartia." It is this flaw that leads to their ultimate downfall.

2.Reversal of Fortune: Aristotle emphasizes the concept of "peripeteia," or the reversal of fortune, experienced by the tragic hero. This reversal is usually a result of their hamartia and serves to intensify the dramatic tension.

3.Catharsis: Aristotle's ultimate goal for tragedy is to evoke emotions of pity and fear in the audience, which are then purged or cleansed through catharsis. In essence, the audience's emotional involvement leads to a sense of emotional release and renewal.

•Dryden's Definition of Play:

John Dryden, a prominent English poet and playwright of the 17th century, shared his thoughts on drama in his essay "Essay of Drumstick Poesie." Dryden's definition of a play differs significantly from Aristotle's, reflecting the neoclassical ideals of his era. Key aspects of Dryden's definition include:

1.Unity of Time, Place, and Action: Dryden emphasized the importance of adhering to the "unities." According to this principle, a play should take place within a single day unity of time), in one location (unity of place), and follow a single central plotline (unity of action). This concept aimed to create a structured and tightly focused dramatic experience.

2.Use of Rhyme: Dryden advocated for the use of rhyme in drama, a characteristic feature of neoclassical plays. Rhymed verse was seen as a means to elevate the language and make the dialogue more poetic and formal.

3.Separation of Tragedy and Comedy: Dryden argued against the mixing of tragic and comic elements within the same play. He believed that tragic and comic elements should remain distinct and not interfere with each other, a departure from the more flexible approach of Shakespearean drama.

•Contrasting Perspectives:

The disparities between Aristotle's definition of tragedy and Dryden's definition of a play are evident. Aristotle's focus lies on the emotional and moral impact of the narrative, aiming to elicit profound feelings of pity and fear in the audience. In contrast, Dryden's emphasis is on structural and stylistic principles, including unity, rhyme, and the separation of genres.

While Aristotle's theories have influenced countless tragic works throughout history, Dryden's neoclassical ideals shaped a particular era of theater. Both definitions, though distinct, contribute to the rich tapestry of dramatic literature, highlighting the ever-evolving nature of the art form.

Aristotle's theories have led to timeless tragic masterpieces, such as Shakespeare's "Hamlet" and Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex." These works resonate with audiences by exploring the depths of human suffering and the consequences of hubris.

On the other hand, Dryden's neoclassical principles can be seen in the works of playwrights like Racine and Corneille, who adhered closely to unity of time, place, and action in their French classical tragedies.

•Conclusion:

Aristotle's definition of tragedy and Dryden's definition of play represent two distinct epochs in the evolution of dramatic theory. Whether one adheres to Aristotle's tragic principles or Dryden's structured rules, the world of theater continues to captivate and provoke audiences worldwide. These definitions remind us that the essence of theater remains open to interpretation and adaptation, allowing each generation of playwrights and theorists to shape the art form in their own unique way. In doing so, they ensure that the power and allure of the stage endure through the ages.

 Q-2.(e) Any topic of you choice but pertaining to Dryden as 'Father of English Criticism'.

  John Dryden: The Father of English Criticism

•Introduction:

In the vast tapestry of English literary history, there are certain figures whose contributions stand as pillars of influence. Among these luminaries, John Dryden shines brightly as the "Father of English Criticism." His enduring legacy in the realm of literary critique has left an indelible mark on the way we analyze, appreciate, and understand literature. In this blog, we will explore the life, works, and profound impact of John Dryden on the field of English criticism.

•The Life and Times of John Dryden:

John Dryden was born on August 9, 1631, during a period of great political and cultural upheaval in England. Raised in Northamptonshire, Dryden received a classical education that would become the foundation for his future literary endeavors. He attended Westminster School and later Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was immersed in the classics and exposed to the rich tradition of English literature.Dryden's Literary Achievements

Poetry: Dryden's poetic genius blossomed with works like "Annus Mirabilis" (1667), an epic poem that celebrated the events of the year 1666, and "Absalom and Achitophel" (1681), a satirical poem that tackled the political intrigues of his era. His mastery of the heroic couplet, a rhyming verse form, showcased his poetic prowess.

Drama: Dryden made significant contributions to the dramatic landscape of his time. His plays, including "The Indian Emperor" (1665) and "All for Love" (1677), demonstrated his versatility as a playwright and his ability to adapt classical themes to the English stage.

Translation: Dryden's translations of classical works, such as Virgil's "Aeneid" and Ovid's "Metamorphoses," are considered some of the finest in English literature. His translations bridged the gap between the ancient world and the modern English-speaking audience, making these timeless works accessible to a broader readership.

•The Birth of English Criticism:

John Dryden's most enduring legacy lies in his contributions to the field of literary criticism. His essay "Of Dramatic Poesy" (1668) is often hailed as the birth of modern English literary criticism. In this seminal work, Dryden engages in a spirited dialogue with his contemporaries about the merits of ancient versus modern drama.

In "Of Dramatic Poesy," Dryden introduces the concept of the "ancients" (referring to Greek and Roman playwrights) versus the "moderns" (contemporary English playwrights). He defends the value of English drama and argues for its superiority by asserting that the moderns had learned and improved upon the principles of the ancients. Dryden's work heralded a shift away from strict adherence to classical ideals and set the stage for a more open and adaptive approach to literature.

•Dryden's Legacy:

John Dryden's legacy as the "Father of English Criticism" endures through his profound influence on subsequent generations of writers and critics. His ideas about the evolution of literary forms and the importance of adaptability continue to resonate in the study and interpretation of literature.

Dryden's advocacy for creative freedom and his willingness to challenge established norms paved the way for literary experimentation and innovation in English literature. His contributions to the world of criticism not only enriched the understanding of literary works but also encouraged a more inclusive and dynamic literary tradition.

•Conclusion:

In the annals of English literary history, John Dryden stands as a towering figure whose multifaceted talents and groundbreaking literary criticism have earned him the rightful title of the "Father of English Criticism." His poems, plays, and critical essays continue to captivate readers and scholars alike, reminding us of the enduring power of words and the ever-evolving nature of literature. John Dryden's legacy is a testament to the enduring importance of critical thought in the world of letters.

Thank you for visiting.😊 

Happy Learning...🍀

•Work cited:-

-https://www.britannica.com/art/tragedy-literature/Theory-of-tragedy

-https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dryden

-https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-1500-1799-biographies/john-dryden

"Lecture on Shakespeare "

Hello, viewers !!

I am Kavita Chauhan, (sem -1)A student in Department of English, mkbu.

This Blog is part of the thinking activity. And sharping your thoughts of mind,💭 learning new something.

-Assigned by Megha Trivedi Ma'am.

∆  " Lecture on Shakespeare" by                   Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

•About the writer:-

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) was a Romantic poet, critic, and philosopher. He co-authored "Lyrical Ballads" with William Wordsworth, a seminal work in English poetry. Coleridge is renowned for his vivid and imaginative poems like "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and we "Kubla Khan." His literary criticism, including lectures on Shakespeare, profoundly influenced English literature. Coleridge's life was marked by creativity and intellectual exploration.

• Brief Information about William.         Shakespeare:-

William Shakespeare, born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, is an iconic figure in world literature. Renowned as a playwright, poet, and wordsmith, his enduring legacy transcends centuries. Shakespeare's unparalleled contribution to English literature includes timeless plays like "Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet," and "Macbeth," which explore the depths of human nature. His poetic prowess, coined phrases, and exploration of universal themes have left an indelible mark on literature, language, and the arts, making him an eternal literary luminary.died in 1616in England.

Title: "Coleridge's Lecture on     Shakespear."

   •Introduction:-

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a prominent figure in the Romantic literary movement, delivered a series of lectures on William Shakespeare in the early 19th century. These lectures, collectively known as "Coleridge's Lecture on Shakespeare," provide a fascinating insight into Coleridge's interpretation of Shakespeare's works and his deep appreciation for the Bard's genius. In this blog, we will delve into Coleridge's lectures, exploring his thoughts on Shakespeare's artistry, the nature of his characters, and the enduring relevance of Shakespeare's works.

• Coleridge's Reverence for Shakespeare:

Coleridge's lectures on Shakespeare are marked by his profound reverence for the Bard. He saw Shakespeare as the supreme genius of literature, a view shared by many of his contemporaries. Coleridge believed that Shakespeare's works transcended the limitations of his time and were timeless in their appeal, a belief that still holds true today. To Coleridge, Shakespeare was not just a playwright but a literary deity whose works touched the very essence of human experience.

• Shakespeare's Characters: A Reflection of Human Nature

One of Coleridge's key insights into Shakespeare's plays was his understanding of the characters. Coleridge argued that Shakespeare's characters are not merely the product of imagination but are drawn from a profound understanding of human nature. He believed that Shakespeare's characters possess a depth and complexity that mirror the intricacies of real-life individuals. This perspective has led to the enduring fascination with Shakespeare's characters, from Hamlet's internal conflict to Lady Macbeth's unbridled ambition.

Coleridge saw Shakespeare's characters as living, breathing beings, each with their own quirks, desires, and motivations. He recognized that Shakespeare's ability to capture the multifaceted nature of humanity was unparalleled in the world of literature. Coleridge's analysis of characters like Iago, Othello, and Lear revealed the psychological depth and emotional resonance that Shak

• The Power of Shakespeare's Language:

Coleridge also emphasized the extraordinary power of Shakespeare's language. He marveled at Shakespeare's ability to create vivid and evocative imagery, to capture the subtlest nuances of emotion, and to convey the most profound ideas through his words. Coleridge's lectures highlight Shakespeare's mastery of language as a defining feature of his genius. Shakespeare's verses and dialogues, according to Coleridge, possessed a magic that could transport audiences to other worlds and ignite their imaginations.

• Shakespeare's Universal Themes:

Coleridge believed that Shakespeare's works are not confined to any particular era or culture. Instead, they explore universal themes and truths that resonate with people of all backgrounds and time periods. Whether it's the timeless themes of love, ambition, jealousy, or the complexities of human relationships, Shakespeare's plays continue to be relevant and relatable. Coleridge saw in Shakespeare a philosopher of the human condition, whose insights remain as profound today as they were in the Elizabethan era.

• Coleridge's Influence on Shakespearean Criticism:

Coleridge's lectures on Shakespeare had a profound impact on the study and interpretation of Shakespearean literature. His emphasis on the psychological depth of Shakespeare's characters, the power of his language, and the universality of his themes influenced subsequent generations of critics and scholars. Coleridge's insights helped shape the way we analyze and appreciate Shakespeare's works today.

•Conclusion:-

Samuel Taylor Coleridge's lectures on Shakespeare remain a testament to the enduring power and influence of William Shakespeare's works. Through Coleridge's eyes, we gain a deeper appreciation for the Bard's genius, his profound understanding of human nature, and the timeless relevance of his plays. Coleridge's lectures continue to inspire readers, scholars, and theatergoers alike, reminding us of the enduring magic of Shakespeare's words and the profound impact of his art on the world of literature. Shakespeare, through the lens of Coleridge,continues to be a guiding light in our exploration of the human soul and the boundless possibilities of language and storytelling.

Thank you for visiting.🙂

Happy learning...🍀

•Work cited:

-https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/coleridge-lectures-on-shakespeare-18111819/lectures-on-shakespeare-18181819/1B55B2F851B26C5403624F2444A93429

-https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/37291

-Wikipedia,

-british library.

"Vartual Teachers"

  Novel"Beloved" For Teacher's Day Celebrations-2023.

This blog is for the virtual Teacher's Day celebration, organized by the students of the Department of English at MKBU. In this blog, I will embed my ppt and the complete video of the Teacher's Day celebration. Additionally, I will be sharing a quiz based on that lecture. You can also find the lecture uploaded on YouTube and Ted-Ed. After watching the video, you can participate in the quiz, and upon completion,you will get an auto-generated e-certificate in your email.

               Beloved by toni Morrison:-

 

                There is my videos link:-

👉👉👉👉  https://youtu.be/RsqERLz0jSg?si=ZTB3URCgulg6o7c0

                     Here's link of Quiz:- 

 👉:-https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfCv9KfB_KmRTq7KNZrTg56bf2HspVmujwnjdYIdcnHl6e6kQ/viewform?vc=0&c=0&w=1&flr=0&fbzx=7005798865613524507

        

          Here's link of  my Ted.Ed Lecture:-

   👉:- https://ed.ted.com/on/TXX3NbiQ

         PPT :-    beloved by toni Morrison